O som das mídias: uma revisão interdisciplinar do papel do som na comunicação

 Klaus Bruhn-Jensen, Copenhague (Dinamarca)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C34-2010-02-01

Palavras chave

Som, comunicação oral, música, paisagens sonoras, retórica, filologia, linguística, musicologia

Resumo

É significativo o fato de que ainda resultem escassas as pesquisas sobre o som entendido como forma de comunicação, como modalidade de experiência e como recurso para a expressão cultural e a interação social. E isso apesar do papel central que o som desempenha na maioria das práticas comunicativas e midiáticas, incluindo a interação cara a cara e também as redes digitais. Nos últimos anos, entretanto, temos observado um interesse renovado nessa área por parte da comunidade acadêmica internacional. Esta revisão responde às pesquisas prévias sobre três tipos de som: a palavra falada, a música e as paisagens sonoras ambientais– que até agora têm sido em sua maioria abordados por disciplinas diferentes e separadas entre si: retórica, filologia, linguística, musicologia clássica, estudos de música popular, arquitetura, análise do discurso, entre outras. Este artigo, além disso, enfatiza o potencial de um maior número de pesquisas sobre o som como forma de comunicação, como fonte de significado e como recurso para a ação, o que é comprovado hoje pela difusão das mídias móveis e pela introdução da comunicação nos contextos cotidianos. Atualmente, os usuários dos meios de comunicação têm a capacidade não só de receber mas também de enviar diferentes dinâmicas sonoras e visuais, bem como informação textual. O usuário está se tornando um emissor de novas configurações de comunicação “um a um”, “um a muitos” e, cada vez mais, “muitos a muitos”. A onipresença das paisagens sonoras e de outras paisagens midiáticas desafia, coloca em dúvida, as noções tradicionais relativas ao que é uma “mídia” e ao que ela pode ser. Em suma, este artigo sugere que o atual renovado interesse pelos sound studies pode ser, por si só, o resultado da reconfiguração do ambiente midiático, onde o som está na moda.

Referências

Albrecht, R. (2004). Mediating the Muse: A Communications Approach to Media, Music, and Cultural Change. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Link Google Scholar

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

Link Google Scholar

Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Link Google Scholar

Barnes, S.H. (1988). Muzak. The Hidden Messages in Music: A Social Psychology of Culture. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.

Link Google Scholar

Boden, M. (Ed.). (1996). Artificial Intelligence. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Link Google Scholar

Born, G. (1995). Rationalizing Culture: IRCAM, Boulez, and the Institutionalization of the Musical Avantgarde. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Link Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Bull, M. & Back, L. (Eds.). (2003). The Auditory Culture Reader. Oxford: Berg.

Link Google Scholar

Bull, M. (2000). Sounding Out the City: Personal Stereos and the Management of Everyday Life. Oxford: Berg.

Link Google Scholar

Cerquiglini, B. (1999). In Praise of the Variant: A Critical History of Philology. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Link Google Scholar

Clarke, D.S. (1990). Sources of Semiotic. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Clayton, M.; Herbert, T. & Middleton, R. (Eds.). (2003). The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.

Link Google Scholar

Cook, N. & Everist, M. (Eds.). (1999). Rethinking Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Corbin, A. (1998). Village Bells: Sound and Meaning in the 19th-Century French Countryside. New York: Columbia University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Erlmann, V. (Ed.). (2004). Hearing Cultures: Essays on Sound, Listening, and Modernity. Oxford: Berg.

Link Google Scholar

Finnegan, R. (1989). The Hidden Musicians: Music-Making in an English Town. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Frith, S. & Goodwin, A. (Eds.). (1990). On Record. London and New York: Routledge.

Link Google Scholar

Frith, S. (1996). Performing Rites: On the Value of Popular Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Gay, P.d.; Hall, S.; Janes, L.; Mackay, H. & Negus, K. (1997). Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage.

Link Google Scholar

Gena, P. & Strom, C. (2001). A Physiological Approach to DNA Music. 4th Computers in Art and Design Education Conference, Glasgow.

Link Google Scholar

Greenfield, A. (2006). Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing. Indianapolis, in New Riders.

Link Google Scholar

Halliday, M.A.K.; Teuberg, W.; Yallop, C. & Cermakova, A. (2004). Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Continuum.

Link Google Scholar

Havelock, E.A. (1963). Preface to Plato. Oxford: Blackwell.

Link Google Scholar

Humphreys, L. (2005). Cellphones in Public: Social Interactions in a Wireless Era. New Media & Society, 7(6); 810-833.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

James, J. (1995). The Music of the Spheres: Music, Science, and the Natural Order of the Universe. London: Abacus.

Link Google Scholar

Jensen, K.B. (2002). The Humanities in Media and Communication Research, in Jensen, K. (Ed.). A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies. London: Routledge.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Johnson, J.H. (1995). Listening in Paris: A Cultural History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Link Google Scholar

Keil, C. (1966). Urban Blues. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Kennedy, G.A. (1980). Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Link Google Scholar

Kerman, J. (1985). Contemplating Music: Challenges to Musicology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Kramer, L. (2002). Musical Meaning: Toward a Critical History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Link Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1972). The Logic of Non-standard English. In Giglioli, P. (Ed.). Language and Social Context. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. (Orig. publ. 1969).

Link Google Scholar

Lanza, J. (1994). Elevator Music: A Surreal History of Muzak, Easy-Listening, and Other Mood-Song. New York: Picador.

Link Google Scholar

Leppert, R. (1993). The Sight of Sound: Music, Representation, and the History of the Body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Link Google Scholar

Levy, M. (1993). Symposium: Virtual Reality: A Communication Perspective. Journal of Communication, 43(4).

Link Google Scholar

Ling, R. (2004). The Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone's Impact on Society. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Link Google Scholar

McClary, S. (1991). Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality. Minneapolis, MI: University of Minnesota Press.

Link Google Scholar

McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Link Google Scholar

Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Meyrowitz, J. (1994). Medium Theory, in Crowley, D. & Mitchell, D. (Eds.). Communication Theory Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Link Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (1990). Studying Popular Music. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Middleton, R. (Ed.). (2002). Reading Pop: Approaches to Textual Analysis in Popular Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Millard, A. (1995). America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Nott, J.J. (2002). Music for the People: Popular Music and Dance in Interwar Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Link Google Scholar

Perelman, C. (1979). The New Rhetoric and the Humanities. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.

Link Google Scholar

Peters, J.D. (1999). Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Link Google Scholar

Peterson, R.A. & Kern, R.M. (1996). Changing Highbrow Taste: From Snob to Omnivore. American Sociological Review, 61(5); 900-907.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Postman, N. (1985). Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Viking.

Link Google Scholar

Potter, J. (1998). Vocal Authority: Singing Style and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rogers, E.M. (1999). Anatomy of Two Subdisciplines of Communication Study. Human Communication Research, 25(4); 618-631.

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Saussure, F.d. (1959). Course in General Linguistics. London: Peter Owen.

Link Google Scholar

Schafer, R.M. (1977). The Tuning of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Link Google Scholar

Smith, M.M. (2001). Listening to Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Link Google Scholar

Stacey, J. (1994). Star Gazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship. London: Routledge.

Link Google Scholar

Subotnik, R.R. (1991). Developing Variations: Style and Ideology in Western Music. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Link Google Scholar

Tagg, P. (1979). Kojak. 50 Seconds of Television Music: Towards the Analysis of Affect in Popular Music. Gothenburg, Sweden: University of Gothenburg.

Link Google Scholar

Thompson, E. (2002). The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Link Google Scholar

Treitler, L. (Ed.). (1998). Strunk's Source Readings in Music History. New York: Norton.

Link Google Scholar

Watzlawick, P.; Beavin, J.H. & Jackson, D.D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.

Link Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1958). The Rational and Social Foundations of Music. New York: Southern Illinois University Press. (Orig. publ. 1921).

Link Google Scholar

Wetherell, M.; Taylor, S. & Yates, S. (Eds.). (2001). Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader. London: Sage.

Link Google Scholar

Fundref

Este trabalho não tem nenhum apoio financeiro

Crossmark

Technical information

Métricas

Métricas deste artigo

Vistas: 41403

Leituras dos resumos: 29881

Descargas em PDF: 11522

Métricas completas do Comunicar 34

Vistas: 1283513

Leituras dos resumos: 862235

Descargas em PDF: 421278

Citado por