AI Literacy Profile of Education Faculty Students: Sample of Dicle University
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15993731Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Educational Technology, Literacy, Teacher Training, Teacher Professional Competence, Use of AI in EducationAbstract
This study examines AI literacy among undergraduate students at a public Turkish university. It describes current AI literacy of pre-service teachers and emphasizes the need for AI literacy inclusion in teacher training to enhance professional knowledge and skills. The survey research method was used with a quantitative approach, with a sample of 375 participants, identified through cluster sampling method. The AI Literacy Scale comprising 31 items was the data collection tool, with a 7-point Likert structure. For data analysis, normal distribution and homogeneity were checked with SPSS, the significance value was determined as 0.05, and descriptive statistics, t-test, Man Whitney U, ANOVA, Welch’s ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, Scheffe, and Dunn tests were also measured. The findings reveal that 95% of the participants had no AI course; 79% were female; 38% studied Turkish & Social Sciences; 23% Mathematics & Science, and 16% Foreign Languages; and 23% studied only upto Primary Education. The results also reveal that participants had approximately medium AI literacy, the subject studied had a small impact on AI literacy but gender did not. Foreign Language departments showed the lowest AI literacy, possibly due to individual differences like interest and motivation. The AI literacy levels can be increased by adding AI courses to the curriculum and improving instructors’ knowledge and skills in integrating AI tools into courses.
References
Akgun, S., & Greenhow, C. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings. AI and Ethics, 2(3), 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00096-7
Almatrafi, O., Johri, A., & Lee, H. (2024). A systematic review of AI literacy conceptualization, constructs, and implementation and assessment efforts (2019–2023). Computers and Education Open, 6, 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100173
Ayanwale, M. A., Sanusi, I. T., Adelana, O. P., Aruleba, K. D., & Oyelere, S. S. (2022). Teachers’ readiness and intention to teach artificial intelligence in schools. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. caeai.2022.100099
Bozkurt, A. (2024). Why Generative AI Literacy, Why Now and Why it Matters in the Educational Landscape? Kings, Queens and GenAI Dragons. Open Praxis, 16(3), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.3.739
?erný, M. (2024). University Students’ Conceptualisation of AI Literacy: Theory and Empirical Evidence. Social Sciences, 13(3), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030129
Chiu, T. K. F., Ahmad, Z., Ismailov, M., & Sanusi, I. T. (2024). What are artificial intelligence literacy and competency? A comprehensive framework to support them. Computers and Education Open, 6, 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100171
Cukurova, M., Kralj, L., Hertz, B., & Saltidou, E. (2024). Professional Development for Teachers in the Age of AI. European Schoolnet. https://bit.ly/3ZH3Hj9
Demirel, O., & Banaz, E. (2024). Investigation of Artificial Intelligence Literacy of Prospective Turkish Teachers According to Different Variables. The Journal of Buca Faculty of Education, (60), 1516-1529. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1461048
Du, H., Sun, Y., Jiang, H., Islam, A. Y. M. A., & Gu, X. (2024). Exploring the effects of AI literacy in teacher learning: an empirical study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 559. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03101-6
Eni?-Erdo?an, T., & Ek?io?lu, S. (2024). Adaptation of Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale into Turkish. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 22(2), 1196-1211. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.1496716
Harry, A. (2023). Role of AI in Education. Interdisciplinary Journal and Humanity (INJURITY), 2(3), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.58631/injurity.v2i3.52
Karao?lan Y?lmaz, F. G., & Y?lmaz, R. (2023). Adaptation of Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale into Turkish. Journal of Information and Communication Technologies, 5(2), 172-190. https://doi.org/10.53694/bited.1376831
Kong, S.-C., Cheung, W. M.-Y., & Zhang, G. (2022). Evaluating artificial intelligence literacy courses for fostering conceptual learning, literacy and empowerment in university students: Refocusing to conceptual building. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100223
Kong, S.-C., Cheung, W. M.-Y., & Zhang, G. (2023). Evaluating an Artificial Intelligence Literacy Programme for Developing University Students’ Conceptual Understanding, Literacy, Empowerment and Ethical Awareness. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 16-30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48707964
Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Haverkamp, N., & Raupach, T. (2023). Development of the “Scale for the assessment of non-experts’ AI literacy” – An exploratory factor analysis. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 12, 100338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100338
Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2022). Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101
Lee, I., Ali, S., Zhang, H., DiPaola, D., & Breazeal, C. (2021). Developing Middle School Students’ AI Literacy. In Proceedings of the 52nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 191-197). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432513
Li, W. (2024). The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on the Education System. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 65, 137-142. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/65/20240158
Li, Z. (2023). The Significance of Educational Application of Artificial Intelligence and Its Current State in China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 16(2), 2589-2597. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.re215
Liu, S., & Xie, X. (2021). AI Quality Cultivation and Application Ability Training for Normal University Students. In 2021 7th Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC) (pp. 116-120). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNISC54316.2021.00030
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-16). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727
Luan, H., Geczy, P., Lai, H., Gobert, J., Yang, S. J., Ogata, H., et al. (2020). Challenges and Future Directions of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Education. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 580820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580820
Ma, X., & Jiang, C. (2023). On the Ethical Risks of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Education and Its Avoidance Strategies. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 14, 354-359. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v14i.8868
Mahligawati, F., Allanas, E., Butarbutar, M. H., & Nordin, N. A. N. (2023). Artificial intelligence in Physics Education: a comprehensive literature review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2596(1), 012080. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2596/1/012080
Manasi, A., Panchanadeswaran, S., & Sours, E. (2023, March 17). Addressing gender bias to achieve ethical AI. The Global Observatory. https://bit.ly/49sR7Yj
Mikeladze, T., Meijer, P. C., & Verhoeff, R. P. (2024). A comprehensive exploration of artificial intelligence competence frameworks for educators: A critical review. European Journal of Education, 59(3), e12663. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12663
Mills, K., Ruiz, P., Lee, K., Coenraad, M., Fusco, J., Roschelle, J., et al. (2024, May). AI Literacy: a Framework to Understand, Evaluate, and Use Emerging Technology. Digital Promise. https://doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/218
Moosa, D., Bozkurt, V., Reesha, A., & Shina, A. (2024). The effects of artificial intelligence (AI) literacy and use on students’ perceptions of academic performance in the Maldives. Journal of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management, 19(2), 163-174. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/beyder/issue/89633/1606467
N., K. (2014). Scientific Research Methods. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, K. W. S., & Qiao, M. S. (2021a). AI Literacy: Definition, Teaching, Evaluation and Ethical Issues. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 58(1), 504-509. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.487
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021b). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, J., Ng, R. C. W., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Teachers’ AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world. Educational technology research and development, 71(1), 137-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10203-6
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, M. J., Yim, I. H. Y., Qiao, M. S., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). AI Literacy in K-16 Classrooms. Switzerland: Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18880-0
Nyaaba, M., Kyeremeh, P., Majialuwe, E. K., Owusu-fordjour, C., Asebiga, E., & A-Ingkonge, B. (2024). Generative AI in Academic Research: A Descriptive Study on Awareness, Gender Usage, and Views among Pre-Service Teachers. Journal of AI, 8(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.61969/jai.1400867
OECD. (2005). Teachers Matter: Attracting, Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264018044-en
OECD. (2023). OECD Employment Outlook 2023: Artificial Intelligence and the Labour Market. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/08785bba-en
OECD. (n.d.). Future of Education and Skills 2030. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://bit.ly/3ZIl1o7
Ofosu-Ampong, K. (2023). Gender differences in perception of artificial intelligence-based tools. JDAH, 4(2), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.33847/2712-8149.4.2_6
Olari, V., & Romeike, R. (2021). Addressing AI and Data Literacy in Teacher Education: A Review of Existing Educational Frameworks. In Proceedings of the 16th workshop in primary and secondary computing education (pp. 1-2). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3481312.3481351
Pal, K., Piaget, K., Zahidi, S., & Baller, S. (2024). Global gender gap 2024. World Economic Forum. https://bit.ly/4iAYLDK
Sabharwal, D., Kabha, R., & Srivastava, K. (2023). Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Powered Virtual Assistants and their Effect on Human Productivity and Laziness: Study on Students of Delhi-NCR (India) & Fujairah (UAE). Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 17(9), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.06.23/12
Seo, K., Tang, J., Roll, I., Fels, S., & Yoon, D. (2021). The impact of artificial intelligence on learner–instructor interaction in online learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00292-9
Su, J., Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Literacy in Early Childhood Education: The Challenges and Opportunities. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100124
Tenberga, I., & Daniela, L. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Literacy Competencies for Teachers Through Self-Assessment Tools. Sustainability, 16(23), 10386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310386
Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The Need to Report Effect Size Estimates Revisited. An Overview of Some Recommended Measures of Effect Size. TRENDS in Sports Science, 21(1), 19-25. https://bit.ly/3VoL8Oj
UN Women. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Gender Equality. https://bit.ly/4gn4POC
UNESCO. (2024). AI Competency Framework for Teachers. Paris, France: UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54675/ZJTE2084
UNICEF. (2021). Policy guidance on AI for children 2.0. https://uni.cf/3BjRbwQ
Wang, B., Rau, P.-L. P., & Yuan, T. (2023). Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(9), 1324-1337. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2072768
World Economic Forum. (2024, April). Shaping the future of learning: The role of AI in education 4.0. https://bit.ly/4g2UAiq
Yüre?illi Göksu, D., & Göksu, S. (2024). Determination of Artificial Intelligence Literacy and Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence of Teachers Working With Gifted Students and Examining Them According to Some Variables. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 5(2), 278-299. https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.1551369
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Comunicar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
