Emoticonos en la comunicación por correo electrónico entre estudiantes y profesores

Emoticons in student-professor email communication

 Alenka Baggia, Universidad de Maribor (Eslovenia)

 Anja Žnidaršič, Universidad de Maribor (Eslovenia)

 Alenka Tratnik, Universidad de Maribor (Eslovenia)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C73-2022-10

Palabras clave

Habilidades de comunicación, comunicación, comunicación digital, emoticonos, género, correo electrónico

Resumen

Los emoticonos se han convertido en un fenómeno común en la correspondencia por correo electrónico entre estudiantes y profesores. Para los estudiantes, estas herramientas de comunicación no verbal son una forma de agregar contexto o énfasis a sus mensajes. Sin embargo, para la mayoría de los profesores, el uso de emoticonos se considera inapropiado y poco profesional. A medida que más estudiantes incorporan emoticonos en sus mensajes de correo electrónico a los profesores, nos propusimos examinar la relación entre el uso de emoticonos y las percepciones de los profesores sobre los mensajes de correo electrónico de los estudiantes con y sin emoticonos. Examinamos los mensajes de los estudiantes con particular referencia a la adecuación del estilo de escritura de los estudiantes, evaluamos el nivel de alfabetización digital de los estudiantes, su actitud hacia un profesor y las diferencias de género en el uso de emoticonos. Recopilamos correos electrónicos de los estudiantes y los calificamos en varias dimensiones. Además, utilizamos un cuestionario en línea para identificar las diferencias características entre los estudiantes que usan emoticonos y los que no. Los resultados muestran que los mensajes con emoticonos tienen una calificación más baja que los mensajes sin emoticonos en varias dimensiones. Los estudiantes que usan emoticonos también muestran una menor alfabetización digital y perciben a sus profesores como más comprensivos y serviciales. Contrariamente a nuestras expectativas, el uso de emoticonos no está relacionado con el género. Los resultados sugieren que los estudiantes deben evitar el uso de emoticonos, puesto que el profesor espera un comportamiento apropiado a través de Internet.

Referencias

Abdullahi, T. (2021, March 15). What do emojis mean? How millennials and gen-y use them very differently. National. https://bit.ly/3PhQSEH

Link Google Scholar

Algharabali, N.A., & Taqi, H.A. (2018). Taming the sting: The use of evaluative emojis by college students in Kuwait. International journal of linguistics and communication, 6(1), 46-60. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijlc.v6n1a4

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Anuar, H.S., Saat, R.M., & Talib, Z.A. (2009). A study on gender perception of emoticon in computer-mediated commu-nication (CMC). Cmc, 1-10. https://bit.ly/3G2qcno

Link Google Scholar

Avery, T. (2017). At face value: Why do individual student use emoticons within text-based online academic dis-course? EDULEARN17 Proceedings, 1, 4312-4318. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1929

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Baggia, A. (2022). Emoticons 2021 (Version 2) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.17632/c7ddxc4y6y.2

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Barach, E., Srinivasan, V., Fernandes, R., Feldman, L.B., & Shaikh, S. (2020). It’s not just what you tweet, it’s how you tweet it. In C. Karpasitis, & C. Varda (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th European conference on social media (pp. 52–59). Academic Conferences and Publishing International Limited. https://doi.org/10.34190/ESM.20.033

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bartl, R. (2017). Impact of netiquette on email communication. Journal of Applied Leadership and Management, 5, 35-61. https://bit.ly/3AOs3cO

Link Google Scholar

Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2007). Students writing emails to faculty: An examination of e-politeness among native and non-native speakers of English. Language Learning and Technology, 11(2), 59-81. https://doi.org/10125/44104

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bjørge, A.K. (2007). Power distance in English lingua franca email communication. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 60-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.00133.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Bogdanovi?, V.Z., & Bulatovi?, V. (2020). “I fully agree with you”: Graphic and lexical boosters and attitude markers on discussion forums. In A. Pisanski-Peterlin, & T. Mikolic-Juznic (Eds.), Academic writing from cross’cultural perspec-tives: Exploring the synergies and interactions (pp. 218-243). Ljubljana University Press. https://bit.ly/34rgf3V

Link Google Scholar

Bolkan, S., & Holmgren, J.L. (2012). “You are such a great teacher and I hate to bother you but...”: Instructors’ percep-tions of students and their use of email messages with varying politeness strategies. Communication Education, 61(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2012.667135

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Butterworth, S.E., Giuliano, T.A., White, J., Cantu, L., & Fraser, K.C. (2019). Sender gender influences emoji interpreta-tion in text messages. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(784). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00784

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Chejnová, P. (2014). Expressing politeness in the institutional e-mail communications of university students in the Czech Republic. Journal of Pragmatics, 60, 175-192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.10.003

Link Google Scholar

Chen, C.F.E. (2006). The development of E-mail literacy: From writing to peers to writing to authority figures. Lan-guage Learning and Technology, 10(2), 35-55. https://doi.org/10125/44060

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Corrigan, P.T., & Hunt-McNabb, C. (2015, April 15). Re: Your recent email to your professor. Inside Higher Ed. https://bit.ly/3odOUcw

Link Google Scholar

Crombie, P. (2020). Faces, hearts and thumbs: Exploring the use of emoji in online teacher-student communications in higher education. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 14(1), 30-41. https://bit.ly/3umgOY1

Link Google Scholar

Danielewicz-Betz, A. (2013). (Mis)use of e-mail in student-faculty interaction: Implications for university instruction in Germany, Saudi Arabia and Japan. The JALT CALL Journal, 9(1), 23-57. https://doi.org/10.29140/jaltcall.v9n1.147

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Derks, D., Bos, A.E.R., & von-Grumbkow, J. (2008a). Emoticons and online message interpretation. Social Science Computer Review, 26(3), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307311611

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Derks, D., Bos, A.E.R., & von-Grumbkow, J. (2008b). Emoticons in computer-mediated communication: Social motives and social context. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(1), 99-101. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9926

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Dresner, E., & Herring, S.C. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communi-cation Theory, 20(3), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01362.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Dunlap, J.C., Bose, D., Lowenthal, P.R., York, C.S., Atkinson, M., & Murtagh, J. (2016). Chapter 8 - What sunshine is to flowers: A literature review on the use of emoticons to support online learning. In S.Y. Tettegah, & M. Gartmeier (Eds.), Emotions, technology, design, and learning (pp. 163-182). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801856-9.00008-6

Link Google Scholar

Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2018). “Mr Paul, please inform me accordingly”: Address forms, directness and degree of imposition in L2 emails. Pragmatics, 28(4), 489-515. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.17025.eco

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Escobar-Mamani, F., & Gómez-Arteta, I. (2020). WhatsApp for the development of oral and written communication skills in Peruvian adolescents. [WhatsApp para el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas orales y escritas en adolescentes peruanos]. Comunicar, 65, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.3916/C65-2020-10

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Filippone, M., & Survinski, M. (2016). The Importance of etiquette in school email. American Secondary Education, 45(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.333-335.2206

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Haji, H., & Bakir, S. (2019). The use of emoticons among university students: A pragmatic study. Zanco Journal of Hu-manity Sciences, 23(1), 278-290. https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.23.1.19

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hallajian, A., & Khemlani, M. (2014). “Hello and a good day to you dear Dr. ...” Greetings and closings in supervisors-supervisees email exchanges. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 118, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.012

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hamid, A. (2018). Justification of emoticons as verbal Vs nonverbal communication tool. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 23(4), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2304035458

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Huang, H.C. (2016). Openings and closings in intercultural email communication: A case study of Taiwanese, Japa-nese, and Italian students. In Ys, Chen., DH, Rau., & G. Rau (Eds), Email discourse among nglish using english as a lingua Franca. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-888-5_9

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jibril, T.A., & Abdullah, M.H. (2013). Relevance of emoticons in computer-mediated communication contexts: An over-view. Asian Social Science, 9(4), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n4p201

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Jones, L.L., Wurm, L.H., Norville, G.A., & Mullins, K.L. (2020). Sex differences in emoji use, familiarity, and valence. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106305

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Kaye, L.K., Wall, H.J., & Malone, S.A. (2016). “Turn that frown upside-down”: A contextual account of emoticon usage on different virtual platforms. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 463-467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.088

Link Google Scholar

Kim, D.H, Yoon, H.B., Yoo, D.M, Lee, S.M, Jung, H., Kim, S.J., Shin, J.S, Lee, S., & Yim, J.J. (2016). Etiquette for medi-cal students’ email communication with faculty members: a single-institution study. BMC Medical Education, 16(129). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0628-y

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Koufteros, X.A. (1999). Testing a model of pull production: A paradigm for manufacturing research using structural equation modeling. Journal of Operations Management, 17(4), 467-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(99)00002-9

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lam, P.W.Y. (2014). Professional e-mail communication in higher education in Hong Kong: a case study. Text & Talk, 34(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2013-0041

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lo, S.K. (2008). The nonverbal communication functions of emoticons in computer-mediated communication. Cy-berPsychology & Behavior, 11(5), 595-597. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0132

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Logi, L., & Zappavigna, M. (2021). A social semiotic perspective on emoji: How emoji and language interact to make meaning in digital messages. New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211032965

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lu, X., Ai, W., Liu, X., Li, Q., Wang, N., Huang, G., & Mei, Q. (2016). Learning from the ubiquitous language. In P. Lu-kowicz., & A. Krüger (Eds.), UbiComp ’16: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing (pp. 770-780). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971724

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Manganari, E.E. (2021). Emoji use in computer-mediated communication. The International Technology Management Review, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2991/itmr.k.210105.001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2020). Computer-mediated communication, social media, and mental health: A conceptual and empirical meta-review. Communication Research, 48(8), 1182-1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220958224

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy? Computers and Education, 59(3), 1065-1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Oleszkiewicz, A., Karwowski, M., Pisanski, K., Sorokowski, P., Sobrado, B., & Sorokowska, A. (2017). Who uses emoti-cons? Data from 86 702 Facebook users. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.034

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Prior, D.D., Mazanov, J., Meacheam, D., Heaslip, G., & Hanson, J. (2016). Attitude, digital literacy and self efficacy: Flow-on effects for online learning behavior. Internet and Higher Education, 29, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2016.01.001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Raslie, H., & Ting, S.H. (2021). Gen Y and gen Z communication style. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 39(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i1.4268

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rodrigues, D., Prada, M., Gaspar, R., Garrido, M.V., & Lopes, D. (2018). Lisbon emoji and emoticon database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 392-405. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0878-6

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Rosseel Y. (2021). The lavaan tutorial. https://bit.ly/3MDypRu

Link Google Scholar

Rust, R.T., & Huang, M.H. (2021). The age of emoji BT. In R.T. Rust, & M.H. Huang (Eds), The feeling economy: How Artificial intelligence is creating the era of empathy (pp 63-68). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52977-2_5

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Shah, R., & Tewari, R. (2021). Mapping emoji usage among youth. Journal of Creative Communications, 16(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258620982541

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Shao, X., & Purpur, G. (2016). Effects of information literacy skills on student writing and course performance. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 42(6), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2016.08.006

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Skovholt, K., Grønning, A., & Kankaanranta, A. (2014). The communicative functions of emoticons in workplace e-mails:?:-)*. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 780-797. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12063

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sorgo, A., Bartol, T., Dolnicar, D., & Boh-Podgornik, B. (2017). Attributes of digital natives as predictors of information literacy in higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(3), 749-767. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12451

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Stanton, A.L. (2014). Islamic emoticons: Pious sociability and community building in online Muslim communities. In T. Benski, & E. Fisher (Eds.), Internet and emotions (pp. 80-98). Routledge. https://bit.ly/3sP1FNd

Link Google Scholar

Sugiyama, S. (2015). Kawaii meiru and Maroyaka neko: Mobile emoji for relationship maintenance and aesthetic expressions among Japanese teens. First Monday, 20(10). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i10.5826

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Tang, Y., & Hew, K. (2018). Emoticon, emoji, and sticker use in computer-mediated communications: Understanding its communicative function, impact, user behavior, and motive. In L. Dneg, W.W.K. Ma, & C.W.R. Fong (Eds.), New media for educational change. Educational communications and technology yearbook (pp. 191-201). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8896-4_16

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Thompson, D., & Filik, R. (2016). Sarcasm in written communication: Emoticons are efficient markers of intention. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(2), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12156

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Tratnik, A., Znidarsic, A., Jerebic, J., Rajkovic, U., Baggia, A., Gak, D., Grbic, T., Durakovic, N., & Medic, S. (2021). Pre-dictors of email communication skills among Slovenian and Serbian students. In S. Drobne, L. Zadnik-Stirn, M. Kljajic-Borstnar, J. Povh, & J. Zerovnik (Eds.), SOR'21 Proceedings (pp. 241-246). Slovenian society INFORMATIKA – Section for operational research. https://bit.ly/3NgifNH

Link Google Scholar

Waldvogel, J. (2007). Greetings and closings in workplace email. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2), 456-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00333.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Walther, J.B., & D’Addario, K.P. (2001). The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social Science Computer Review, 19(3), 324-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900307

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wilson, J.H., Ryan, R.G., & Pugh, J.L. (2010). Professor-student rapport scale predicts student outcomes. Teaching of Psychology, 37(4), 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986283.2010.510976

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Wolf, A. (2000). Emotional expression online: gender differences in emoticon use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(5), 827-833. https://doi.org/10.1089/10949310050191809

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ficha técnica

Recibido: 03-02-2022

Revisado: 18-04-2022

Aceptado: 12-05-2022

OnlineFirst: 30-06-2022

Fecha publicación: 01-10-2022

Tiempo de revisión del artículo : 74 (en días) | Media de tiempo de revisión de los manuscritos del número 73: 44 (en días)

Tiempo de aceptación del artículo: 98 (en días) | Media tiempo aceptación de los manuscritos del número 73: 89 (en días)

Tiempo de edición OnlineFirst: 195 (en días) | Media tiempo edición de los OnlineFirst del número 73: 186 (en días)

Tiempo de publicacicón final del artículo: 240 (en días) | Media tiempo de publicación final de los articulos del número 73: 231 (en días)

Métricas

Métricas de este artículo

Vistas: 43516

Lectura del abstract: 40730

Descargas del PDF: 2786

Métricas completas de Comunicar 73

Vistas: 395458

Lectura del abstract: 365724

Descargas del PDF: 29734

Citado por