Keywords
Virtual environment, game-based learning, machinelearning, eye-tracking, feature extraction, neuroeducation
Abstract
At present, the use of eye-tracking data in immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) learning environments is set to become a powerful tool for maximizing learning outcomes, due to the low-intrusiveness of eye-tracking technology and its integration in commercial iVR Head Mounted Displays. However, the most suitable technologies for data processing should first be identified before their use in learning environments can be generalized. In this research, the use of machine-learning techniques is proposed for that purpose, evaluating their capabilities to classify the quality of the learning environment and to predict user learning performance. To do so, an iVR learning experience simulating the operation of a bridge crane was developed. Through this experience, the performance of 63 students was evaluated, both under optimum learning conditions and under stressful conditions. The final dataset included 25 features, mostly temporal series, with a dataset size of up to 50M data points. The results showed that different classifiers (KNN, SVM and Random Forest) provided the highest accuracy when predicting learning performance variations, while the accuracy of user learning performance was still far from optimized, opening a new line of future research. This study has the objective of serving as a baseline for future improvements to model accuracy using complex machine-learning techniques.
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Technical information
Received: 26-12-2022
Revised: 25-01-2023
Accepted: 23-02-2023
OnlineFirst: 30-05-2023
Publication date: 01-07-2023
Article revision time: 30 days | Average time revision issue 76: -6 days
Article acceptance time: 59 days | Average time of acceptance issue 76: 72 days
Preprint editing time: 142 days | Average editing time preprint issue 76: 155 days
Article editing time: 187 days | Average editing time issue 76: 200 days
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Ana Serrano-Mamolar, University of Burgos (Spain)
