The four P's on the Internet: Pornography, plagiarism, piracy and permission

 Sandra Liliana Cuervo-Sánchez, University of the Basque Country (Spain)

 Itxaro Etxague, University of the Basque Country (Spain)

https://doi.org/10.3916/C76-2023-07

Keywords

Risks on the Internet, adolescence, pornography, copyright, piracy, plagiarism

Abstract

Access to youth culture by adolescents has changed as new communication technologies have found new ways of offering media content to viewers. Adolescents today access more content more frequently. However, the greater their exposure, the higher the likelihood of this leading to risk behaviors such as access to pornography, plagiarism, piracy and copyright violation. The aim of the present study is, therefore, to determine the frequency of these risk behaviors linked to the Internet content accessed and downloaded by minors, analyzing this variable in accordance with gender, age and context (Spain, Italy and Greece). We analyzed the responses provided by 2,529 adolescents (1,264 girls/1,262 boys) aged between 10 and 17 years from Spain, Italy and Greece. In general, adolescent boys, especially those aged 16 and 17 years, reported engaging more frequently in risk behaviors, particularly in reference to accessing youth culture content. Likewise, in terms of context, the highest means were observed among participants from Attica (Greece) and the Madrid Region (Spain), whereas the lowest means were observed in the Marche Region (Italy) and Navarre (Spain). The results revealed statistically significant differences in terms of gender, age and context. Thereby, they highlight the importance of focusing on media education from a gender perspective.

References

Andrie, E.K., Sakou, I.I., Tzavela, E.C., Richardson, C., & Tsitsika, A.K. (2021). Adolescents’ online pornography exposure and its relationship to sociodemographic and psychopathological correlates: A cross-sectional study in six European countries. Children, 8(10), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100925

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Andrie, E.K., Tzavara, C.K., & Tzavela, E. (2019). Gambling involvement and problem gambling correlates among European adolescents: results from the European Network for Addictive Behavior study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 54(11), 1429-1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ballester, L., Orte, C., & Pozo, R. (2019). Nueva pornografía y cambios en las relaciones interpersonales de adolescentes y jóvenes. In L. Ballester, C. Orte, & R. Pozo (Ed), Vulnerabilidad y resistencia: Experiencias investigadoras en comercio sexual y prostitución (pp. 249-284). Universitat de les Illes Balears. https://bit.ly/3Zkds48

Link Google Scholar

Barbovschi, M., Ní Bhroin, N., Chronaki, D., Ciboci, L., Farrugia, L., Lauri, M.A., Sevcíková, A., Staksrud, E., Tsaliki, L., & Velicu, A. (2021). Young people’s experiences with sexual messages online. Prevalence, types of sexting and emotional responses across European countries. EU Kids Online and the Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo. https://bit.ly/42n6Dkc

Link Google Scholar

Buckingham, D. (2020). Rethinking digital literacy: Media education in the age of digital capitalism. Digital Education Review, 37, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2020.37.230-239

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Chu, S.K.W., Hu, X., & Ng, J. (2019). Exploring secondary school students’ self-perception and actual understanding of plagiarism. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(3), 806-817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000619872527

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-10517-X

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

De-Bérail, P., Guillon, M., & Bungener, C. (2019). The relations between YouTube addiction, social anxiety and parasocial relationships with Youtubers: A moderated-mediation model based on a cognitive-behavioral framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 190-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.007

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Díaz-López, A., Maquilón-Sánchez, J., & Mirete-Ruiz, A. (2020). Maladaptive use of ICT in adolescence: Profiles, supervision and technological stress. [Uso desadaptativo de las TIC en adolescentes: Perfiles, supervisión y estrés tecnológico]. Comunicar, 64, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-03

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

ESPAD. (2020), ESPAD Report 2019: Additional Tables. Publications Office of the European Union. https://bit.ly/3mk2iOu

Link Google Scholar

Estanyol, E., Montaña, M., Fernández-de-Castro, P., Aranda, D., & Mohammadi, L. (2023). Digital competence among young people in Spain: A gender divide analysis. [Competencias digitales de la juventud en España: Un análisis de la brecha de género]. Comunicar, 74, 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3916/C74-2023-09

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Gairín-Sallán, J., & Mercader, C. (2017). Usos y abusos de las TIC en los adolescentes. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 36(1), 125-125. https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.36.1.284001

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

García-Holgado, A., & García-Peñalvo, F.J. (2018). Gestión del conocimiento abierto mediante ecosistemas tecnológicos basados en soluciones. In J.A. Merlo-Vega (Ed.), Ecosistemas del Acceso Abierto (pp. 147-160). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. https://bit.ly/3YgbY9V

Link Google Scholar

George, M.J., Jensen, M.R., Russell, M.A., Gassman-Pines, A., Copeland, W.E., Hoyle, R.H., & Odgers, C.L. (2020). Young adolescents' digital technology use, perceived impairments, and well-being in a representative sample. The Journal of Pediatrics, 219, 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.002

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Hayes, N., & Introna, L. (2005). Cultural values, plagiarism, and fairness: When plagiarism gets in the way of learning. Ethics & Behavior, 15(3), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1503_2

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Huh, J., Delorme, D.E., & Reid, L.N. (2006). Perceived third-person effects and consumer attitudes on preventing and banning DTC advertising. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 40(1), 90-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2006.00047.x

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

IFPI (Ed.) (2021). Engaging with Music 2021. https://bit.ly/3YdenC9

Link Google Scholar

ITU (Ed.) (2021) Measuring digital development. International. Telecommunication Union. https://bit.ly/3YaQlI0

Link Google Scholar

Kemp, S. (2022). Digital 2022: Global overview report. We Are Social, Hootsuite. https://bit.ly/3Zviniq

Link Google Scholar

Koetsier, J. (2021). Top 10 Most Downloaded Apps and Games of 2021: TikTok, Telegram Big Winners. FORBES. https://bit.ly/3INqobW

Link Google Scholar

Kurniasanti, K.S., Assandi, P., Ismail, R.I., Nasrun, M.W.S., & Wiguna, T. (2019). Internet addiction: A new addiction? Medical Journal of Indonesia, 28(1), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v28i1.2752

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lareki, A., Altuna, J., Martínez-de-Morentin, J., & Amenabar, N. (2017a). Young people and digital services: Analysis of the use, rules, and age requirement. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.002

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lareki, A., Martínez-de-Morentin, J., Altuna, J., & Amenabar, N. (2017b). Teenagers’ perception of risk behaviors regarding digital technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.004

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Lévy, P. (2007). Cibercultura: La cultura de la sociedad digital. Anthropos.

Link Google Scholar

Livingstone, S., & Stoilova, M. (2021). The 4Cs: Classifying online risk to children. CO:RE - Children Online: Research and Evidence. https://doi.org/10.21241/ssoar.71817

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. LSE, EU Kids Online. https://bit.ly/3EN49BJ

Link Google Scholar

Lumsden, J. (2007). Online-questionnaire design guidelines. In R.A. Reynolds, R. Woods, & J.D. Baker (Ed.), Handbook of research on electronic surveys and measurements (pp. 44-64). Hershey. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-792-8.ch005

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Malhotra, N. (2008). Investigación de Mercados. Pearson Education. https://bit.ly/3YVflmU

Link Google Scholar

Martínez-de-Morentin, J.I, Lareki, A., & Altuna, J. (2021). Risks associated with posting content on the social media. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de tecnologías del Aprendizaje, 16(1), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2021.3052655

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Martínez-de-Morentin, J.I., Lareki, A., Altuna, J., & Amenabar, N. (2018). Cuestionario “Anomia digital. Uso de las tecnologías digitales y comportamientos inadecuados”. Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU).

Link Google Scholar

Mateu, J. (2016). Análisis sobre el aumento de las apuestas deportivas en adolescentes estudiantes y las conductas de riesgo asociadas. Actividad física y deporte: Ciencia y profesión, 24, 41-52. http://bit.ly/3kHGDiA

Link Google Scholar

Norman, K.L., Friedman, Z., Norman, K., & Stevenson, R. (2001). Navigational issues in the design of online self-administered questionnaires. Behaviour & Information Technology, 20(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290010021764

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Ramzan, M., Munir, M.A., Siddique, N., & Asif, M. (2012). Awareness about plagiarism amongst university students in Pakistan. Higher Education, 64(1), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9481-4

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Sanz, A.M. (2020). Pantallas pequeñas diseminadas. Estudio sobre el consumo de audiovisual en jóvenes de Castilla y León. ZER, 25(49), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21852

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., & Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Soler, S., & Oriola, S. (2019). Música, identidad de género y adolescencia. Epistemus, 7(2), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.24215/18530494e008

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Stanley, N., Barter, C., Wood, M., Aghtaie, N., Larkins, C., Lanau, A., & Överlien, C. (2018). Pornography, sexual coercion, abuse, and sexting in young people’s intimate relationships: A European study. Journal of interpersonal violence, 33(19), 2919-2944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516633204

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Statista (Ed.) (2023). Number of internet users worldwide from 2005 to 2022. https://bit.ly/3YoSyQo

Link Google Scholar

Sullivan, H.S. (1974). La teoría interpersonal de psiquiatría. Psique.

Link Google Scholar

Torrecillas-Lacave, T., Vázquez-Barrio, T., & Suárez-Álvarez, R. (2022). Experiencias de ciberacoso en adolescentes y sus efectos en el uso de internet. ICONO 14, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v20i1.1624

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Vuorikari, R., Kluzer, S., & Punie, Y., (2022). DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens – With new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Publications Office of the European Union. https://bit.ly/3SJeunQ

Link Google Scholar

White, J.A., Carey, L.M., & Daily, K.A. (2001). Web-based instrumentation in educational survey research. WebNet Journal, 3(1), 46-50. http://bit.ly/3Yi2Ykw

Link Google Scholar

Winstone, L., Mars, B., Haworth, C.M.A., Heron, J., & Kidger, J. (2022). Adolescent social media user types and their mental health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal survey of 13–14-year-olds in the United Kingdom. JCPP Advances, 2(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12071

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Šprajc, P., Urh, M., Jerebic, J., Trivan, D., & Jereb, E. (2017). Reasons for plagiarism in higher education. Organizacija, 50(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0002

Link DOI | Link Google Scholar

Fundref

This study was carried out with funding received from the call for Research Group Grants issued by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (Ref. GIU 20/053) and the Spanish Research Agency ((MINECOG20/P61/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033), as well as from the call for research staff training contracts at the UPV/EHU (2018).

Crossmark

Technical information

Received: 20-12-2022

Revised: 11-01-2023

Accepted: 23-02-2023

OnlineFirst: 30-05-2023

Publication date: 01-07-2023

Article revision time: 22 days | Average time revision issue 76: -6 days

Article acceptance time: 65 days | Average time of acceptance issue 76: 72 days

Preprint editing time: 148 days | Average editing time preprint issue 76: 155 days

Article editing time: 193 days | Average editing time issue 76: 200 days

Metrics

Metrics of this article

Views: 51782

Abstract readings: 50494

PDF downloads: 1288

Full metrics of Comunicar 76

Views: 501726

Abstract readings: 489666

PDF downloads: 12060

Cited by